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Weather or Not ~ Weather and musings from Keith Thompson.

Sunday’s Deadly Weather: A Sign of Things to Come?

January 23rd, 2012, 8:10 pm by

The outbreak of severe storms in the Deep South Sunday was impressive for any month of the year, but particularly for January which is typically the least active month. According to the Storm Prediction Center (SPC), there were 170 reports of severe storms (large hail, high winds, tornadoes) across eight states Sunday, mainly in a swatch stretching from Arkansas through Western Tennessee and Kentucky to southern Indiana and Illinois.

Among the severe weather reports were 22 sightings of tornadoes. In Alabama, two were killed and more than one hundred injured as four twisters raced across the state, tearing through the suburbs of Birmingham. According to SPC tornado statistics, this has been an unusually busy month. Sunday’s activity raises the number of reported tornadoes in January to 35, more than twice the average number of January twisters over the last three years. And this is the first time in several years that there have been tornado fatalities in the first month of the year.

There is no way to know for certain whether Sunday’s activity is a harbinger of things to come. Hopefully, not! But last year — when we were also in the midst of a La Nina winter — while January was typical (16 reported tornadoes vs. three year average of 17 tornadoes), February was busy. In February 2011, there were 63 reported tornadoes, almost twice the three year average. And of course, last spring was historically violent and deadly: nearly 1,100 twisters resulting in more than 500 fatalities. Time will tell. For now (1/23), the severe weather outlook is relatively quiet for the nation for the next few days, save a slight risk for severe storms in southern Texas tomorrow. As always, stay tuned!

So You Think THIS Is Cold?!

January 19th, 2012, 8:24 pm by

Tonight is going to be a frigid one in West Michigan. Temps at sunrise Saturday will be in the single digits to around 10 degrees. That comes on the heels of this morning’s Arctic chill which saw minimum temps in the lower single digits. Fortunately, the wind will be relatively weak, so there won’t be any wind chill to speak of. Today’s highs were only in teens, making it the coldest day we’ve had since last February. Saturday will be slightly warmer, and Sunday will be much warmer, so Friday will represent the apex of the cold spell.

But this chill pales in comparison to what we were feeling on this date in 1994, when the temperature remained below zero ALL DAY! The morning low was a frigid -22°F in Grand Rapids, and -19°F in Kalamazoo. The high temperature for the day was -2°F. Wind chills in West Michigan that day were between -40° to -60°F — dangerously cold! The coldest temp in the state on that day was recorded in the U.P. town of Amasa: an amazing -53°F — that was the air temperature, not the wind chill!

The Arctic chill was around for more than just one day. In fact, it began on the 14th, a day when the high was 14° and the low was just 1°. The temperature would not rise above 14° for the next week! For the period January 14 through January 20, the average high was 7.5° and the average low was -9°. Now, that’s cold!

Hey, Keith! Still Liking That Snow Forecast?

January 11th, 2012, 6:56 pm by

I certainly would understand if you think I’m squirming in my weather chair because of the prediction I made back in October that January and February would be snowy. After all, here we are 11 days into January and so far, we’ve had just eight inches of snow (in Kalamazoo; amounts vary widely across the area due to the one snow event so far this month being lake effect). And with this month’s temps running so amazingly mild (average high so far this month is 40°, well above the average of 32°), it seems that January will be anything but snowy!

But, I’m still happy with the prediction I made last fall, and here’s why: if you recall, my winter forecast was based on our history with relatively recent, similarly located, moderately strong La Ninas (read my blog posts from last October for details). So far, the weather has behaved as I expected, which is in large part, how it behaved in past winters influenced by a moderately strong La Nina (98-99, 07-08, 10-11) with much below average snowfall in November and December. And to this point in January, the snowfall is similar to that we had in two of the three sampled winters.

Between January 1 and 10 of 2008, we had 8″ of snow for a season-to-date (STD) total of 15.5″. During that same time period in 2011, we had 9″ of snow for a STD of 19″. This month, we’ve had 8″ of snow and a STD of 16.5″. January 1999 bucks the trend. During the first ten days of that month, we had an incredible 37.5″ of snowfall! But for the remainder of the month, we had just 9″. For all three of the sampled years, the January through February snowfall was similar: 1999 = 54.25″; 2008 = 53.0″; 2011 = 47.5″. In all three of those situations, about 2/3 of our seasonal snow total came in the months of January and February.

So, despite appearances to the contrary, I think we’re still in line for a snowy January and February, and we’ll end the season with slightly more than average snowfall (our climatological average is 74″; my prediction for this winter is 80″). Here’s another reason to believe our weather might soon change from mild and tranquil to cold and snowy: the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which is an even better predictor of winter weather conditions in our part of the country, is expected to soon make a transition from a “positive” phase to a “negative” phase. I’ll write more about the NAO soon in another blog, but for now, it’s important to note that when the NAO is in a positive phase, our weather is often mild and tranquil. When the NAO is negative, we have cold, snowy/stormy weather. According to the Climate Prediction Center (CPC), forecast models are showing the NAO, which has been in a prolonged positive pattern, is about to go negative; just in time for our weather to turn cold and snowy and rescue my forecast!

You might be wondering: if the NAO is a better predictor of our winter weather, why not base the seasonal forecast on that instead of the La Nina? The NAO typically varies quite a bit. It can change from one phase to the other in a matter of a couple of weeks, which means it is impossible to predict several weeks or months in advance in which phase we will be at a particular point on the calendar. Most La Ninas (and El Ninos) last for several months — for example, the current La Nina is expected to linger through next spring. Thus, a seasonal forecast based on La Nina is much more likely to be accurate than one based on the unpredictable NAO.

Winter Forecast Report Card

January 3rd, 2012, 3:13 pm by

You might recall that in late October, I issued my winter weather forecast for West Michigan. You can read my blog post to see the specifics, but to save you that effort, I’ll recap the highlights here, then check up on the predictions to see how they’re working out.

First, I predicted that November would be relatively snow-less, that less than an inch would fall during the month. Whether that prediction was accurate depends on where you live. In Kalamazoo, for example, a quick shot of lake effect snow on November 10th dropped an inch and a half on Kalamazoo, and between two and three inches on portions of St. Joseph and Branch counties. However, the majority of West Michigan — cities like Holland, Grand Rapids, and South Haven, for example — didn’t see more than a few flurries.

On November 30th, a storm moving across the Ohio Valley came close enough to West Michigan to bring a band of heavy snow that stretched from Lansing to Kalamazoo and Cassopolis. Locales along and east of that line picked up between two and six inches of snow. But once again, the snowfall was isolated to one portion of West Michigan. Anyone living west of the Lansing to Cassopolis line didn’t even see an inch; in fact, Holland and Muskegon didn’t even see a flake!

Another of my predictions which is associated with the above: we would see our first snowfall of 1″ or more in the first week or two of December. I should have been more specific, to say our first “area-wide” one inch snowfall. If you discount the above-mentioned snowfall which was over isolated areas in West Michigan, that prediction would be considered correct. The first area-wide snowfall of one inch or more happened on December 9th, when all locales in our area received between 1 and 3 inches of accumulation.

No matter what criteria you choose to use for the one-inch snowfall prediction, the forecast for below-average snowfall in the months of November and December did indeed verify. I projected that we would have 12″ of snow in December, about 50% less than average, to give us a November-December total of 12″. The November-December snow total in Kalamazoo was 8.5″ and in Grand Rapids, 5.2″; less than I predicted, but again, in line with the call for a relatively quiet start to winter.

As a result of the “snow-less” start to the winter, I predicted that Thanksgiving holiday travel would be unaffected by the weather, that weather conditions would be friendly for travelers. But even I didn’t realize just how good the weather would be! Temps were in the upper 40s to upper 50s, with abundant sunshine. Again, in line with the less-than-average snowfall projection for December, I (reluctantly!) predicted that we would have a green, not white Christmas. That prediction proved correct.

The next part of my winter forecast included a call for our first “major” snowfall, defined as having six inches or more of the white stuff, in the first week or two of January. I think the storm which roared across West Michigan last Sunday night and Monday — bringing up to a foot of snow to the snow belt, and between 3 and 8 inches of accumulation for areas outside of the snow belt — qualifies as the season’s first major snowfall.

It remains to be seen how the rest of the forecast will turn out: January and February will be quite snowy, with 30″ falling in January and 25″ in February. The snowfall will continue into March, with between 10 and 15″ coming down. So far, the forecast has been pretty accurate, so I think it is a good idea to have the snow blower ready to go!

As I explained in the original forecast blog post, the predictions are primarily based on the occurrence of a moderately-strong La Nina in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. A survey of the winter weather in West Michigan during the last three such occurrences — dating back to the late 1980s — is the foundation for my forecast. In each of those years, winter’s wrath started late in the season. In all three prior instances, there will little snowfall in November, below-average snowfall in December, much-above snowfall in January and February, and slightly above average snowfall in March, for a total snowfall about 10 percent above average. My prediction for West Michigan’s snowfall for this winter (Kalamazoo/Grand Rapids): 80″. That is in line with seasonal totals in the last three moderately strong La Nina winters in West Michigan.

Check out my blog post from last October to see more details regarding the winter forecast. I’ll check up on the forecast again at the end of February. At that time, if the forecast continues to verify, we’ll be talking about digging out from a snowy January and February.

Winter 2011-12: Slow Start, Strong Finish, pt. 2

October 27th, 2011, 8:47 pm by

As I wrote in my previous blog post, the weather in the winter season to come will be influenced by a moderately strong La Nina in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Researching our winter weather in the past five moderately strong or strong La Ninas, I found a few recurring themes which serve as a basis for my forecast for the next five months (November through March).

The five La Ninas under consideration occurred in 1988-89 (strong), 1998-99 (moderate), 1999-00 (strong), 2007-08 (moderate), and 2010-11 (moderate). In all five of those events, West Michigan had no snow in October (which will happen again this month), and very little snow (an inch or less) in November. That is why I am predicting that our first measurable snow of an inch or more won’t happen until the first week or two of December — which is when it occurred in the five La Nina winters. Another feature of the five La Ninas is that our first major snow (greater than six inches) in each of the years didn’t happen until after the first of the year. Hence, my prediction that the first major snow event in the winter to come will happen in the first week or two in January.

The three moderately strong La Ninas produced near to above average snowfall, with an average (in the Kalamazoo-Grand Rapids areas) of about 80 inches for the season. Obviously, totals will be higher west of US 131, nearer the Lake Michigan shoreline, and lower east of US 131. Based on the patterns of snowfall for the past moderately strong La Ninas, I project we’ll see an inch or less of snow in November, about 12″ in December (about 25% less than average), 30″ in January (about 50% above average), 27″ in February (nearly twice the average amount), and 11″ in March (slightly above average).

The prior moderately strong and strong La Ninas don’t give a good indication as to whether the winter will be unusually cold, mild, or near average. Temperatures in each of the winters are all over the map — some very warm, some very cold, and some near average.

Now, for a few caveats to the forecast: as I wrote in the previous forecast blog post, the sample size for my predictions is very, very small — three to five La Nina events — so the patterns I noted may simply have been coincidental anomalies, possibly not repeated in the winter of 2011-12. Also noted in my previous blog post, there are other factors which will likely influence our weather in the winter to come, the most critical being the North American Oscillation (NAO) which, unlike La Nina, is not very predictable more than a month or two in advance. In many cases, the NAO plays a much more important role in what the winter is like in the eastern half of the United States, West Michigan included.

The final caveat: essentially, my forecast for winter is a guess. No one knows with a degree of certainty what the weather will be like months in advance; not climatologists at the Climate Prediction Center, not the most knowledgable meteorologists at NOAA, not the publishers of any farmer’s almanac, and certainly not I. I like to remind people who think otherwise that anyone with such knowledge would be playing the commodities market to perfection, making enough money to make Bill Gates look like a pauper! Time will tell whether Mother Nature has sufficiently tipped her hand in prior moderately strong La Ninas to allow for some accuracy in a seasonal forecast.

Winter 2011-12: Slow Start, Strong Finish

October 27th, 2011, 12:18 pm by

If you need a little extra time to save up and buy a snow blower, no problem! There’s no need to rush. Though this coming winter will feature plenty of snow — with near to slightly above average amounts –
the bulk of it will fall after New Year’s Day. That’s just one of the predictions in my winter forecast.

Our weather over the next five months will be influenced by a moderately strong La Nina, which is the unusual cooling of the upper layer of the Pacific Ocean near the Equator. The phenomenon occurs in various locations in the region of the equatorial Pacific. The current La Nina is in the eastern Pacific. La Nina experts at the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) predict water temperatures in that zone over the next several months to be between 1.0 and 1.5°C cooler than average. When the temperature is less than 1.0° cooler than aveaage, the La Nina is considered to be weak; when it is higher than 1.5° above average, it is considered to be strong.

In order to make my winter forecast, I researched the weather in West Michigan for the past five moderate or strong La Nina events, which stretch back to the winter of 1988-89, looking for similarities which might give a clue to what will happen this winter. The five La Ninas under consideration occurred in 1988-89 (strong), 1998-88 (moderate), 1999-2000 (strong), 2007-08 (moderate), and 2010-11 (moderate).

Among my predictions: our first measurable snow won’t happen until the first week or two in December. In each of the five La Nina events under consideration, our first snow of 1″ or more didn’t happen until early December. In fact, in every one of the events, there was no snow in October, and no more than a trace of snow in November.

Another prediction: our first major snow (6″ or more) won’t happen until the first week or two of January. In the five events I considered (I am aware that a sampling of five events represents a rather small data set), the amount of snowfall in a moderately strong La Nina event vs. a strong La Nina event is significantly different. In the two strong events since the late 1980s, our annual snowfall was well below average (49″ in one, 50″ in the other), while in the moderately strong events, the snowfall was at or well above average (73″ in one, 72″ in another, 95″ in a third). However, in all five of the events, the first major snow occurred after New Year’s Day.

Coming up tonight on Newschannel 3 LIVE at 11, I’ll break down my snowfall prediction into months, telling you how much snow I expect in each month of our winter season to come. Additionally, I’ll tell you whether I think we’ll have a white Christmas, and whether our winter will be unusually cold or warm. Details of those predictions will be on my next blog post.

Of course, these predictions are merely guesses — educational guesses perhaps, seeing as how they are based on a past La Nina events — but still guesses nonetheless. It should be noted here that La Nina is not going to be the only factor affecting winter weather in West Michigan. In fact, it may not even be the most important! The North American Osciallation (NAO) can have a much stronger influence on weather in our part of the continent than La Nina. However, the occurrence of the NAO — the when and where of its happening — is far less predictable. NAO forecasts typically only go out between 4 and 6 weeks, which of course comprises its usefulness for a seasonal forecast.

Earlier this month, the Climate Prediction Center issued its winter outlook based primarily on the La Nina influence. You can find that forecast here: http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/20111020_winteroutlook.html

Can’t You Smell That Smell?

September 13th, 2011, 5:56 pm by

Satellite Pic from Tuesday

Maybe you caught a whiff of something burning this evening in West Michigan. It wasn’t your imagination, but the source of the scent is nowhere near us. A rapidly expanding wildfire burning in the arrowhead region of Minnesota, specifically in the beautiful Boundary Waters canoe area alongt the border with Canada, is sending huge plumes of smoke into the sky. A northwest breeze is bringing the smoke to West Michigan, and will likely continue to do so Wednesday.

News reports Tuesday evening note that the fire, which was ignited by a lightning strike four weeks ago, is growing rapidly. More than 75,000 acres are currently involved. Minnesota’s governor called in assistance from the National Guard, and troops have been using Blackhawk helicopters to fight the fire. The smoke was so thick in Chicago (see picture)

Thick Smoke Today in Chicago

it reportedly prompted several calls to the fire department from concerned residents of high-rise buildings north of downtown.

In addition to the smoke making its way across Lake Michigan into our environs (see satellite pic from earlier today…the thin “cloud” over the lake is smoke) , it has been reported to stretch as far east as Toronto. Officials in Minnesota say the region now on fire is experiencing a drought, so conditions are ripe for the fire to continue spreading. Additionally, brisk northwest winds behind a cold front pushing across West Michigan Wednesday should keep the smoke flowing our way.

Hot July Boosts Summer Temps

September 1st, 2011, 2:19 pm by

Where did the summer go? Can you believe it is already September? Astronomically, of course, summer doesn’t end for three more weeks. But meteorologically speaking, summer is typically considered to be the months of June, July and August. Looking back, the season was, on balance, relatively quiet. That’s not to say that we didn’t have our moments: a few bouts of severe weather caused wind damage and brought torrential downpours (e.g. 6″ of rain in Big Rapids in just three hours on August 2nd).

The most notable event from the season past, a five day heat wave in the middle of July that gave us the hottest heat index readings in several years. The heat peaked on July 20th, when the air temperature hit 95 degrees and the heat index reached 110° in Kalamazoo and 109° in Grand Rapids. The heat wave was part of a warmer than average July. The average temperature for the month was four degrees warmer than what is typical for the month. That’s quite a departure.

By contrast, temperatures in June and July were close to average. The average temperature in June was about one degree warmer than the long-term average, and in August, the average temperature was about half a degree warmer than average. Overall, the average temperature for the summer (average high temp plus average low temp divded by two) was 72.7°, compared to the long-term (30 year) average of 71 degrees. The increase was due to the warmer July.

Fronts, Winds, Waves and the Rip

August 3rd, 2011, 2:14 pm by

You can see from the Lake Michigan shoreline that the Big Lake is churning today. White caps are evident as waves rise to four to eight feet in height. Winds from the NNW are gusting as high as 25 mph. The environment is ripe for strong rip currents — and that means danger for swimmers. Coast Guard officials tell Newschannel 3 that they have assisted in 15 to 20 rescues along the lakeshore today, and though it is unknown how many of those were due to rip currents, it is likely that today’s conditions are contributing to the activity.

A rip current develops when the typically steady wave pattern near shore is interrupted by strong winds and/or obstacles such as a sand bar or a pier. The altered pattern often creates a current that rushes out from the shoreline. The current is stronger than any human being, so trying to swim against it is futile. In fact, that is why rip currents can be deadly. It is a myth that the current pulls swimmers under — which is why some mistakenly call the current an “undertow.” The only way to escape the current is to not fight it, swimming parallel to the shoreline, perpendicular to the direction of the current. Unfortunately, for many who are caught (and surprised) by the current, human instinct takes over, which says to fight the current by swimming back toward shore. Eventually, even the strongest swimmer will lose that battle, and fatigued, will not be able to stay afloat.

Typically, the wind and wave action near the lakeshore is disturbed in the wake of a cold front passing across the Lake. So it isn’t a surprise that in the wake of this morning’s frontal passage, the rip tide is active, hence the increased number of rescues near the Lake Michigan shoreline today. For more information on rip tides, check out this site from the National Weather Service (NOAA): http://www.ripcurrents.noaa.gov/

Hottest in More Than a Decade

July 20th, 2011, 2:13 pm by

The heat wave that has had West Michigan sweating mightily this week is indeed one of the warmest we’ve had in a while. Today’s Heat Index readings — topping out around 110 degrees — were the hottest since July, 1999. On July 31, 1999, the air temperature reached 100 degrees (the last time we’ve had such a high air temperature) and the Heat Index hit 112 degrees in Kalamazoo, 116 degrees in Benton Harbor.

Another measurement of the heat wave is our morning low temperatures; and it looks like tonight/tomorrow morning will be the warmest in five years. The minimum temperatures on both August 1st and 2nd, 2006, were 78 degrees. The high temperatures on those days — like today — were in the middle 90s. But the Heat Index on those days were at 106 degrees, a few degrees cooler than today’s readings.

A quick look at our weather records show this kind of heat is indeed uncommon. Over the last twelve years, we’ve had triple digit heat indicies just six times (including the current spell), and only once in the last twelve years has our air temperature hit triple digits. The record for hottest Heat Index and highest minimum temperatures will likely be safe. On July 13, 1995, the Heat Index in Kalamazoo hit 122 degrees. The morning low that day was 81 degrees in Grand Rapids and 82 in Kalamazoo.

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